1. For transmitting analog signal, amplifiers are needed at every 5 to 6 km intervals so that signal is not weakened and for transmitting analog signal digital signal using digital transmission, repeaters are needed at every 2 or 3 km intervals.
2. The data rate of twisted pair for short distance is 1 Gbps which are limited to a confined area and for long-distance, it is 4 Mbps or more.
3. Twisted pairs are restricted with respect to distance, the capacity of the channel, rate of data.
Types of twisted pairs cables:
They are two types of twisted-pair cables.
1). Unshielded twisted pair cable
2). Shield twisted pair cable
(1).Unshielded twisted pair cable: In UTP, there is no shielding around the twisted pair.
2.UTP is generally used in telephone companies and for computer networking.
3. The absence of shield results in greater flexibility and durability.
4.UTP is used in an Ethernet system and also in the token ring.
Advantages:
1.UTP is very easier to work.
2. The installation procedure is very.
Disadvantages:
1. Due to the lack of shield UTP is highly susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
(2).Shielded twisted pair cable: In STP, there is a tough protective shield over each pair of copper wire that is used to reduce the electromagnetic interference that occurs during transmission.
1. Stp is used in order to telephone networks and data communication that decreases the external disturbances.
Advantages:
1. Reduce external interferences.
Disadvantages:
1.Harder to work.
2.Expensive when compared to UTP.
Different categories of UTP:
1.Cat-1: The maximum data rate of cat-1 UTP is up to 1 Mbps.
2. It is generally suitable for low-speed data transmission.
3.Cat-2: The maximum data rate is 4 Mbps and used in token ring networks.
4.Cat-3: The maximum data rate is 16 Mbps and used in an ethernet system for transmitting both voice and data.
5.Cat-4: The maximum data rate is 20 Mbps.
6.Cat-5:Data rate category-5 UTP is 100 Mbps.
7. It consists of a 4-pair of wires.